A novel recursive algorithm for the calculation of the detailed identity coefficients

International audienceAbstractBackgroundA recursive algorithm to calculate the fifteen detailed coefficients of identity is introduced. Previous recursive procedures based on the generalized coefficients of kinship provided the detailed coefficients of identity under the assumption that the two individuals were not an ancestor of each other.FindingsBy using gametic relationships to include three, four or two pairs of gametes, we can obtain these coefficients for any pair of individuals. We have developed a novel linear transformation that allows for the calculation of pairwise detailed identity coefficients for any pedigree given the gametic relationships. We illustrate the procedure using the well-known pedigree of Julio and Mencha, which contains 20 Jicaque Indians of Honduras, to calculate their detailed coefficients.ConclusionsThe proposed algorithm can be used to calculate the detailed identity coefficients of two or more individuals with any pedigree relationship

Multibreed analysis by splitting the breeding values

An equivalent model for multibreed variance covariance estimation is presented. It considers the additive case including or not the segregation variances. The model is based on splitting the additive genetic values in several independent parts depending on their genetic origin. For each part, it expresses the covariance between relatives as a partial numerator relationship matrix times the corresponding variance component. Estimation of fixed effects, random effects or variance components provided by the model are as simple as any model including several random factors. We present a small example describing the mixed model equations for genetic evaluations and two simulated examples to illustrate the Bayesian variance component estimation

Bayes factors for detection of quantitative trait loci

A fundamental issue in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is to determine the plausibility of the presence of a QTL at a given genome location. Bayesian analysis offers an attractive way of testing alternative models (here, QTL vs. no-QTL) via the Bayes factor. There have been several numerical approaches to computing the Bayes factor, mostly based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), but these strategies are subject to numerical or stability problems. We propose a simple and stable approach to calculating the Bayes factor between nested models. The procedure is based on a reparameterization of a variance component model in terms of intra-class correlation. The Bayes factor can then be easily calculated from the output of a MCMC scheme by averaging conditional densities at the null intra-class correlation. We studied the performance of the method using simulation. We applied this approach to QTL analysis in an outbred population. We also compared it with the Likelihood Ratio Test and we analyzed its stability. Simulation results were very similar to the simulated parameters. The posterior probability of the QTL model increases as the QTL effect does. The location of the QTL was also correctly obtained. The use of meta-analysis is suggested from the properties of the Bayes factor

Hypothesis testing for the genetic background of quantitative traits

The testing of Bayesian point null hypotheses on variance component models have resulted in a tough assignment for which no clear and generally accepted method exists. In this work we present what we believe is a succeeding approach to such a task. It is based on a simple reparameterization of the model in terms of the total variance and the proportion of the additive genetic variance with respect to it, as well as on the explicit inclusion on the prior probability of a discrete component at origin. The reparameterization was used to bypass an arbitrariness related to the impropriety of uninformative priors onto unbounded variables while the discrete component was necessary to overcome the zero probability assigned to sets of null measure by the usual continuous variable models. The method was tested against computer simulations with appealing results

The imprint of global climate cycles in the Fuentillejo maar-lake record during the last 50 ka cal BP (central Spain)

We have analysed the geochemical (element analysis), mineralogical and sedimentary facies to characterize the sedimentary record in Fuentillejo maar-lake in the central Spanish volcanic field of Campo de Calatrava and thus be able to reconstruct the cyclicity of the sedimentary and paleoclimatic processes involved. The upper 20 m of core FUENT-1 show variations in clastic input and water chemistry in the lake throughout the last 50 ka cal BP. Being a closed system, the water level in this maar-lake depends primarily on the balance between precipitation and evaporatio

Variance and covariance of actual relationship between relatives at one locus.

The relationship between pairs of individuals is an important topic in many areas of population and quantitative genetics. It is usually measured as the proportion of thegenome identical by descent shared by the pair and it can be inferred from pedigree information. But there is a variance in actual relationships as a consequence of Mendelian sampling, whose general formula has not been developed. The goal of this work is to develop this general formula for the one-locus situation,. We provide simple expressions for the variances and covariances of all actual relationships in an arbitrary complex pedigree. The proposed method relies on the use of the nine identity coefficients and the generalized relationship coefficients; formulas have been checked by computer simulation. Finally two examples for a short pedigree of dogs and a long pedigree of sheep are given

Aplicación de un programa de intervención para mejorar la comprensión táctica en fútbol sala: un estudio en contexto educativo

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de Enseñanza Comprensiva sobre la toma de decisiones y ejecución del pase y de la conducción en el fútbol sala en un contexto educativo. Participaron 21 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años. Las variables independientes fueron el programa de intervención basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) y la experiencia en fútbol sala federado. Las variables de toma de decisiones y ejecución fueron evaluadas a través del instrumento de observación Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en la toma de decisión del pase en el grupo sin experiencia tras la aplicación del programa. Sin embargo, en el grupo con experiencia no fueron encontradas diferencias en ninguna de las variables. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de establecer adaptaciones e individualizar las tareas de aprendizaje en el contexto educativo, en función del nivel de habilidad de los alumnos. The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Programme on decision-making and execution, pass and dribbling actions in indoor football within an educational context. Participants were 21 students aged 12-14. Independent variables were the intervention program based on the “Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)” model and the experience in federated indoor football. Decisionmaking and execution variables were assessed through the observation instrument “Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET)”. The results show significant improvement in decision making for pass after the application of the program to the unexperienced group; however, those differences were not found in the experienced group. The results point out the need to adjust and individualize learning tasks in the educational context, depending on students’ skill level

Climate-induced environmental conditions influencing interannual variability of Mediterranean bluefin (Thunnus thynnus) larval growth

Daily growth variability of bluefin (Thunnus thynnus) larvae sampled in their Balearic Sea spawning grounds during the 2003–2005 spawning seasons was examined. Multi-factorial ANOVA was applied to study the effects of environmental variables, such as temperature at 10 m depth (T10), microzooplankton dry weight (MDW) and protein/dry weight ratio (PROT/ MDW) on larval growth. The 2003 bluefin tuna (BFT) larval cohort showed the fastest growth, recognizable from enhanced otolith and somatic mass increment compared to the 2004–2005 larval cohorts. The 2003 BFT larvae showed greater recent growth than the 2004–2005 BFT cohorts, which decreased in the last stages of development. Growth differences between the 2004 and 2005 larval cohorts were not significant. The environmental conditions between 2003 and 2004–2005 were highly contrasting as a result of the 2003 warming anomaly. Somatic and otolith growth rates (OGR) were significantly related to T10 and MDW, as well as to the PROT/MDW ratios. Nonetheless, the effect of T10 on OGR depended on the relative high (H) or low (L) levels of MDW and PROT/DW. Higher OGR was observed when T10 was high, MDW was low and PROT/DW was high. This environmental scenario conditions were met during 2003, which recorded the highest surface temperature and low planktonic biomass. Somatic growth,expressed as larval DW growth increase (DWGR), showed three-factor significant interactions with T10*MDW*PROT/MDW, in which the two-way interactions of MDW*PROT/MDW showed differences in the function of T10 levels.Postprin

A APLICAÇÃO DE UM PROGRAMA DE INTERVENÇÃO PARA MELHORAR A COMPREENSÃO TÁTICA EM FUTSAL: UM ESTUDO REALIZADO NO CONTEXTO EDUCACIONAL

The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Programme on decision-making and execution, pass and dribbling actions in indoor football within an educational context. Participants were 21 students aged 12-14. Independent variables were the intervention program based on the “Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)” model and the experience in federated indoor football. Decision-making and execution variables were assessed through the observation instrument “Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET)”. The results show significant improvement in decision making for pass after the application of the program to the unexperienced group; however, those differences were not found in the experienced group. The results point out the need to adjust and individualize learning tasks in the educational context, depending on students’ skill level. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de Enseñanza Comprensiva sobre la toma de decisiones y ejecución del pase y de la conducción en el fútbol sala en un contexto educativo. Participaron 21 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años. Las variables independientes fueron el programa de intervención basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) y la experiencia en fútbol sala federado. Las variables de toma de decisiones y ejecución fueron evaluadas a través del instrumento de observación Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en la toma de decisión del pase en el grupo sin experiencia tras la aplicación del programa. Sin embargo, en el grupo con experiencia no fueron encontradas diferencias en ninguna de las variables. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de establecer adaptaciones e individualizar las tareas de aprendizaje. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de um Programa de Ensino Compreensivo na tomada de decisões e execução do passe e das ações de drible em futsal num contexto educativo. Participaram 21 alunos com idades entre 12 e 14 anos. As variáveis independentes foram o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) e a experiência no futsal federado. As variáveis de tomada de decisão e de execução, foram avaliadas através do instrumento de observação Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Os resultados mostraram uma melhoria significativa na tomada de decisão do passe no grupo sem experiência após a aplicação do programa. No entanto, no grupo com experiência não foram encontradas diferenças em nenhuma das variáveis. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de estabelecer adaptações e individualizar as tarefas de aprendizagem no contexto educativo, em função do nível de habilidade dos alunos

Application of an intervention program to improve tactical understanding in indoor football: a study conducted in an educational context

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de Enseñanza Comprensiva sobre la toma de decisiones y ejecución del pase y de la conducción en el fútbol sala en un contexto educativo. Participaron 21 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años. Las variables independientes fueron el programa de intervención basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) y la experiencia en fútbol sala federado. Las variables de toma de decisiones y ejecución fueron evaluadas a través del instrumento de observación Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en la toma de decisión del pase en el grupo sin experiencia tras la aplicación del programa. Sin embargo, en el grupo con experiencia no fueron encontradas diferencias en ninguna de las variables. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de establecer adaptaciones e individualizar las tareas de aprendizaje en el contexto educativo, en función del nivel de habilidad de los alumnos.The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Programme on decision-making and execution, pass and dribbling actions in indoor football within an educational context. Participants were 21 students aged 12-14. Independent variables were the intervention program based on the “Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)” model and the experience in federated indoor football. Decisionmaking and execution variables were assessed through the observation instrument “Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET)”. The results show significant improvement in decision making for pass after the application of the program to the unexperienced group; however, those differences were not found in the experienced group. The results point out the need to adjust and individualize learning tasks in the educational context, depending on students’ skill level.peerReviewe